Fig 1 - Yearly variation of the nakṣatra location error Ey in the seasonal solar zodiac of VGJ.¶
- The green curves (....83 stars; ___ 27 proxy stars; -.-.-. 9 seasonal nakṣatra) refer to the Ādityacāra data of the 11th Section of VGJ.
- The 83 constituent and the 27 proxy stars are as per Table 1.
- Errors for the nine seasonal nakṣatra boundaries remain zero during 1210-1150 BCE.
- The red curves refer to the twelve month solar nakṣatra data available in the 59th Section titled Ṛtusvabhāva.
Fig. 2. Error sensitivity for possible identification of Vedic star śraviṣṭhā as β Aquari and śravaṇa as β Delphini.¶
- The readjusted 27 proxy stars and the yogatāras of Abhyankar lead to almost the same result of c 1250 BCE for the error minimum.
- Errors for the nine seasonal nakṣatra boundaries remain zero during 1700–1350 BCE.
Fig.3. Twelve month (madhu-tapasya) or (caitra-phālguna) sun’s transit in 500 BCE as per the Ṛtusvabhāva (59th aṅga) of VGJ.¶
- The points are joined smoothly for better visualization with markings for the seasons and the months.
- It can be verified that all the twelve nakṣatra named in the VGJ text would have been visible sometime in the specified months.
One Year full moon overlaid on Seasons and Nakṣatras for -1500¶
One Year full moon overlaid on Seasons and Nakṣatras for -1500¶
- Plot of RA and Dec and Full Moon size indicated
One Month moon overlaid on Seasons and Nakṣatras for -1500¶
- Plot of RA and Dec ; Black is krishna paksha, Blue is shukla paksha
- Size indicates the phase of the moon
<Axes: title={'center': 'Moon Path - two nakshatra cycles - at -500\n Blue is shukla paksha and black krishna'}>
Plot of Nakṣatra locations in their respective divisions¶
- Red Band indicates where the nakṣatra bound is highest
Seasons per Ādityacāra¶
श्रविष्ठादीनि चत्वारि पौष्णार्धञ्च दिवाकरः । वर्धयन् सरसस्तिक्तं मासौ तपति शैशिरे ॥
रोहिण्यन्तानि विचरन् पौष्णार्धाद्याच्च भानुमान् । मासौ तपति वासन्तौ कषायं वर्धयन् रसम् ॥
सार्पार्धान्तानि विचरन् सौम्याद्यानि तु भानुमान् । ग्रैष्मिकौ तपते मासौ कटुकं वर्धयन् रसम् ॥
सावित्रान्तानि विचरन् सार्पार्धाद्यानि भास्करः । वार्षिकौ तपते मासौ रसमम्लं विवर्धयन् ॥
चित्रादीन्यथ चत्वारि ज्येष्ठार्धञ्च दिवाकरः । शारदौ लवणाख्यं च तपत्याप्याययन् रसम् ॥
ज्येष्ठार्धादीनि चत्वारि वैष्णवान्तानि भास्करः । हेमन्ते तपते मासौ मधुरं वर्धयन् रसम् ॥
(Ādityacāra; v. 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55)
Table 1. Nakṣatra Constituents and proxy stars of the 11th Section of VGJ.¶
| nid | nakshatra | rep_star | vis_start_epoch | vis_end_epoch | left_bound | right_bound | num_stars_in_naks | stars_in_naks | daivata | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | ||||||||||
| 1 | (N01-Ash,) | Aśvayuk | β Ari | -2100 | -1200 | 350.00 | 336.67 | 3 | α Ari;β Ari;γ Ari | Aśvini |
| 2 | (N02-Bha,) | Bharaṇī | * 41 Ari | -2200 | -1250 | 3.33 | 350.00 | 3 | * 35 Ari;* 39 Ari;* 41 Ari | Yama |
| 3 | (N03-Kri,) | Kṛttikā | η Tau | -2050 | -1150 | 16.67 | 3.33 | 6 | * 17 Tau;* 19 Tau;* 20 Tau;* 23 Tau;* 27 Tau;η... | Agni |
| 4 | (N04-Roh,) | Rohiṇī | α Tau | -1800 | -900 | 30.00 | 16.67 | 5 | α Tau;γ Tau;δ Tau;ε Tau;θ2 Tau | Prajāpati |
| 5 | (N05-Mrg,) | Mṛgaśira | λ Ori | -1850 | -950 | 43.33 | 30.00 | 3 | α Ori;γ Ori;λ Ori | Soma |
| 6 | (N06-Ard,) | Ārdrā | γ Gem | -2000 | -1100 | 56.67 | 43.33 | 1 | γ Gem | Rudra |
| 7 | (N07-Pun,) | Punarvasu | β Gem | -2100 | -1200 | 70.00 | 56.67 | 2 | α Gem;β Gem | Aditi |
| 8 | (N08-Pus,) | Puṣya | δ Cnc | -2200 | -1300 | 83.33 | 70.00 | 1 | δ Cnc | Bṛhaspati |
| 9 | (N09-Asl,) | Āśleṣā | ζ Hya | -1700 | -750 | 96.67 | 83.33 | 6 | δ Hya;ε Hya;ζ Hya;η Hya;ρ Hya;σ Hya | Sarpa |
| 10 | (N10-Mag,) | Maghā | ζ Leo | -1650 | -750 | 110.00 | 96.67 | 6 | α Leo;γ Leo;ε Leo;ζ Leo;η Leo;μ Leo | Pitṛ |
| 11 | (N11-PPal,) | P Phalgunī | δ Leo | -1650 | -750 | 123.33 | 110.00 | 2 | δ Leo;θ Leo | Bhaga |
| 12 | (N12-UPal,) | U Phalgunī | β Leo | -1500 | -550 | 136.67 | 123.33 | 2 | * 93 Leo;β Leo | Aryaman |
| 13 | (N13-Has,) | Hasta | δ Crv | -2100 | -1150 | 150.00 | 136.67 | 5 | α Crv;β Crv;γ Crv;δ Crv;ε Crv | Savitṛ |
| 14 | (N14-Chi,) | Citrā | α Vir | -1850 | -950 | 163.33 | 150.00 | 1 | α Vir | Tvaṣṭṛ |
| 15 | (N15-Swa,) | Svātī | α Boo | -900 | 0 | 176.67 | 163.33 | 1 | α Boo | Vāyu |
| 16 | (N16-Vis,) | Viśākhā | α2 Lib | -1450 | -550 | 190.00 | 176.67 | 2 | α1 Lib;α2 Lib | Indrāgnī |
| 17 | (N17-Anu,) | Anūrādhā | δ Sco | -1750 | -850 | 203.33 | 190.00 | 4 | β1 Sco;δ Sco;π Sco;ω1 Sco | Mitra |
| 18 | (N18-Jye,) | Jyeṣṭhā | ε Sco | -1750 | -850 | 216.67 | 203.33 | 3 | α Sco;ε Sco;σ Sco | Indra |
| 19 | (N19-Mul,) | Mūla | κ Sco | -1550 | -650 | 230.00 | 216.67 | 6 | ζ2 Sco;θ Sco;ι1 Sco;κ Sco;λ Sco;ν Sco | Nirṛti |
| 20 | (N20-PAsh,) | P Aṣāḍhā | λ Sgr | -1300 | -400 | 243.33 | 230.00 | 4 | γ Sgr;δ Sgr;ε Sgr;λ Sgr | Ap |
| 21 | (N21-UAsh,) | U Aṣāḍhā | τ Sgr | -950 | -50 | 256.67 | 243.33 | 4 | ζ Sgr;σ Sgr;τ Sgr;φ Sgr | Viśvedevā |
| 22 | (N22-Shr,) | Śravaṇa | α Aql | -1200 | -300 | 270.00 | 256.67 | 3 | α Aql;β Aql;γ Aql | Viṣṇu |
| 23 | (N23-Dha,) | Dhaniṣṭhā | β Del | -1300 | -400 | 283.33 | 270.00 | 4 | α Del;β Del;γ2 Del;δ Del | Vasu |
| 24 | (N24-Sha,) | Śatabhiṣak | λ Aqr | -2200 | -1250 | 296.67 | 283.33 | 1 | λ Aqr | Varuṇa |
| 25 | (N25-PBha,) | P Proṣṭapada | α Peg | -2100 | -1150 | 310.00 | 296.67 | 2 | α Peg;β Peg | Aja |
| 26 | (N26-UBha,) | U Proṣṭapada | α And | -1100 | -150 | 323.33 | 310.00 | 2 | α And;γ Peg | Ahirbudhnya |
| 27 | (N27-Rev,) | Revatī | ε Psc | -1900 | -950 | 336.67 | 323.33 | 1 | ε Psc | Pūṣan |
Path of Mars without and with Vakra¶
This chart that shows
- Mars path from Jyeshta(1) to Jyeshta(2) to Jyestha(3) .
- Epoch is around -590
- Mars takes ~540 days from Jyeshta(1) to Jyeshta(2) ( no Vakra)
- Mars takes ~720 days from Jyeshta(2) to Jyeshta(3) ( Vakra)
- The mars path is color coded - blue visible, red not visible
Plot of Sun-Gruha angular gap annotated with visibility and rise/set events¶
Writing to file ../datasets/mercury-events.tsv Writing to file ../datasets/venus-events.tsv Writing to file ../datasets/mars-events.tsv
Venus morning/evening first/last visibility¶
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